INTRODUCTION
Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside composed of adenine and ribose, present in all living cells. It plays a vital role in biochemical processes such as energy transfer (ATP/ADP), signal transduction, and regulation of physiological functions, and is widely used in pharmaceutical applications.
MANUFACTURE
It is manufactured mainly by biotechnological fermentation using selected microbial strains, followed by extraction, purification, and crystallization. It can also be produced by enzymatic or chemical synthesis starting from adenine and ribose derivatives under controlled conditions.
| Synonym(s) | Adenine riboside, 9-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine |
| CAS no. | 58-61-7 |
| EINECS no. | 200-389-9 |
| Molecular formula | C10H13N5O4 |
| Molecular weight | 267.24 |
| Structure |  |
APPLICATIONS
It plays an important role in biochemical processes involving energy transfer and cellular signaling:
| Pharmaceutical applications: |
| Used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the rapid treatment of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). |
| Helps restore normal heart rhythm by slowing conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node. |
| Used in cardiac stress testing as a coronary vasodilator. |
| Biochemical and medical research |
| Serves as a key component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), ADP, and AMP in cellular energy metabolism. |
| Used in cell signaling and receptor studies, particularly involving adenosine receptors. |
| Important in neuroprotection and inflammation research. |
| Cosmetic applications |
| Used in anti-aging skincare products to help improve skin smoothness and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. |
| Supports skin-repair and regeneration processes. |
| Nutraceutical and physiological roles |
| Studied for its role in sleep regulation, vasodilation, and immune response. |
| Acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system. |
SPECIFICATIONS – Ph Eur
| Test | Unit | Specification |
|---|---|---|
| Description | – | White or almost white crystalline powder. |
| Solubility | – | Slightly soluble in wáter. Soluble in hot wáter. Practically insoluble in ethanol (96%) and in methylene chloride. It dissolves (sparingly soluble) in dilute mineral acids (dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute nitric acid). |
| Melting point | °C | About 234 |
| Identification by IR | – | The infrared absorption spectrum of the sample preparation should exhibit maxima only at the same wavelengths at that same wavelengths as that of a similar preparation of the Adenosine working standard. |
| Appearance of solution | – | Solution should be colourless |
| Acidity or Alkalinity | – – | a. The solution should be coloured yellow upon the addition of 0.1 ml of 0.01M hydrochloric acid b. The solution should be coloured violet blue upon the addition of 0.4 ml of 0.01M sodium hydroxide |
| Limit of chloride | ppm | NMT 100 |
| Limit of sulphates | ppm | NMT 200 |
| Limit of ammonium | ppm | NMT 10 |
| Loss on drying (for 2 hours at 105°C) | w/w | NMT 0.5 |
| Sulphated ash | w/w | NMT 0.1 |
| Assay by HPLC | % w/w | NLT 99.0 and NMT 101.0, calculated with reference to the dried substance |
| Related substance by HPLC | ||
| 1. Impurity A | % | NMT 0.2 |
| 2. Impurity G | % | NMT 0.1 |
| 3. Impurity F | % | NMT 0.1 |
| 4. Impurity H | % | NMT 0.1 |
| 5. Single largest unknown impurity | % | NMT 0.1 |
| 6. Total impurities | % | NMT 0.5 |
| 9-(2,3,5-tri-o-acetyl-β-D-Ribofuranosyl)-Adenine [condensed product] | % w/w | NMT 0.1 |
| Residual solvents | ||
| 1. Methanol | ppm | NMT 1000 |
| 2. Ethanol | ppm | NMT 2000 |
| 3. Acetonitrile | ppm | NMT 200 |
| 4. Dichloromethane | ppm | NMT 300 |
| 5. Ethyl acetate | ppm | NMT 2000 |
| Bacterial Endotoxins | EU/gm | NMT 3.0 |
| Microbial tests | ||
| – Total viable aerobic count | CFU/g | NMT 100 |
| – Total yeast and molds | CFU/g | NMT 10 |
| – Staphylococcus aureus | – | Should be absent in 1 gm |
| – Psuedomonas aeruginosa | – | Should be absent in 1 gm |
| – Escherichia coli | – | Should be absent in 1 gm |
| – Salmonella | – | Should be absent in 10 gm |
| Tin (Stannic) content | ppm | NMT 90 |
PACKING
HDPE drum.
STORAGE
Keep container at controlled room temperature up to 25°C.
CERTIFICATION
WHO-GMP, Written Confirmation (WC), DMF & CEP/COS.
ExSyn offers Adenosine on commercial scales and welcomes enquiries. Our exceptional quality and service will make ExSyn your supplier of choice! If you need any additional information or SDS, please contact us.
Ciclopirox Olamine (CPO) is the N-oxide of a 2 -hydroxy pyridine derivative that carries antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is composed of 6-cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(1H)-pyridone combined with 2 aminoethanol (olamine) in a 1:1 ratio.
N,N-Dimethylglycine sodium salt (DMG Na) is the sodium salt form of N,N-dimethylglycine, a tertiary amino acid derivative is white to off white crystalline solid, freely soluble in water.
Blown Castor Oil (15-17 Poise) is a modified grade of Castor oil. The “15-17 Poise” specification refers to its viscosity range, indicating a medium-viscosity blown oil suitable for industrial applications requiring improved body, tackiness, and elasticity compared to regular castor oil.
Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) is a is a tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents. It is clear & colourless to pale yellow liquid with ammoniacal odor. DMAE is stable at room temperature and is completely miscible with water as well as organic solvents such as alcohols and ethers. It decomposes at high temperatures. It is a versatile chemical intermediate primarily used as a curing agent for polyurethane foams and epoxy resins.
1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazonane (Me₃TACN) is a valuable macrocyclic tridentate ligand derived from 1,4,7-triazacyclononane. In Me₃TACN, each nitrogen atom is substituted with a methyl group, which significantly modifies its steric and electronic properties. Me₃TACN is widely used as a ligand in coordination chemistry due to its ability to form stable complexes with transition metals such as Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Zn.
Methyl-2-Methoxy-5-Sulfamoyl Benzoate (MSMB) is a sulfur containing organic building block acting as a chemical intermediate. MSMB contains ester and sulfamoyl functional groups, which make it useful as a pharmaceutical and fine-chemical intermediate.
Imidazolidinyl urea is a widely used antimicrobial preservative in the cosmetic and personal care industry. It is a formaldehyde-releasing compound that effectively inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeast, and molds, thereby extending the shelf life of formulations. Due to its broad-spectrum efficacy and cost-effectiveness, it is commonly used in rinse-off and leave-on products within regulated concentration limits.
Phosphorodiamidites are a unique class of phosphorus-based compounds characterized by one P–O bond and two P–N moieties. 2-Cyanoethyl tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite plays a crucial role in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Beyond their application as synthetic precursors for oligonucleotides, phosphorodiamidites have also been reported as valuable starting materials for the synthesis of industrially relevant polymers and flame-resistant materials, including adhesives, coatings, and laminates.
Ferric maltol is an oral iron complex composed of ferric iron (Fe³⁺) chelated with maltol, designed to improve iron absorption while reducing common gastrointestinal side effects associated with traditional iron salts. It is primarily used in the management of iron deficiency with better tolerability.